Isingeniso
Esimeni esinzima sobunjiniyela bamandla oketshezi, izingxenye zingaphansi kwenhlanganisela enonya yamandla angaphakathi nangaphandle. Nakuba onjiniyela bechitha isikhathi esibalulekile bebala izingcindezi eziphezulu zokusebenza, isivinini soketshezi, namazinga okugeleza, kunobungozi obulinganayo obufanayo, obungabonakali obusebenza ngesilinganiso esincane kakhulu: ukugqwala. Uma kungabhekwanga, ukuwohloka kwamakhemikhali ezingxenyeni zensimbi kungashintsha isistimu ye-hydraulic ethuthukiswe kakhulu ibe yisikweletu esivuzayo, esiyingozi, nesingasebenzi kahle.
Izingxenye zensimbi ezijwayelekile zekhabhoni zithembele embotsheni yangaphandle, yomhlatshelo efana ne-zinc plating ukuze kugwenywe ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwengcindezi eqhubekayo yokudlidliza komshini, ukunwetshwa kokushisa, nokugeleza kwezinhlayiyana ezihugayo, lezi zimbotshana zigcina zincane, ziqhekeke, noma zipheqeke. Uma insimbi engaphansi isichayeke emswakameni nomoya-mpilo, ukugqwala kubamba ngesivinini esishaqisayo, kusakazeke ezindaweni zokuvala futhi kuhlafune ngamaphrofayili entambo.
Ukuze kuqedwe lobu buthakathaka emthonjeni wayo, imboni yesimanje iphendukela ku-metallurgy. Ukukhetha umkhiqizo we-premium stainless steel hydraulic-njengokufakwa komfutho ophezulu-, i-valve ye-instrumentation, i-adaptha, noma i-cylinder housing{3}}kunikeza ukuzivikela okungokwemvelo, okuyisisekelo ngokumelene nokonakaliswa. Kodwa le nsimbi ephawulekayo imelana kanjani ngempela namandla ahlangene e-oxidation, ukuhlasela kwe-asidi, nokuchayeka emanzini anosawoti? Impendulo ilele ekusebenzelaneni okuthakazelisayo kwesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo, ubunjiniyela bamakhemikhali, nokuzinza kwesakhiwo. Lesi sihloko sihlinzeka ngokubheka okuphelele kwezinqubo zesayensi ezithile ezivumela izingxenye ze-hydraulic zensimbi engagqwali ukuthi zihlale zigqwalile ngokuphelele{{6}ezingenayo futhi zizwakala kahle ngokwesakhiwo endaweni engaxoleleki kakhulu emhlabeni.
Isayensi Yesendlalelo Esingenasici: Isikhali Esiyimfihlo Sensimbi Engagqwali
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi insimbi engagqwali izivikela kanjani ekugqwaleni, umuntu kufanele aqale asuse umbono oyiphutha ovamile: insimbi engagqwali ayiyona insimbi eyodwa, engasasebenzi njengegolide noma iplatinamu. Kuyingxubevange esebenza kakhulu eyakhiwe ngensimbi, ikhabhoni, kanye nohlu olubalulekile lwezakhi ezingeziwe. Ikhono layo lokumelana nokugqwala empeleni liwumphumela wokusabela kwamakhemikhali okuqhubekayo, okulawulwa kakhulu okwenzeka endaweni yawo engaphandle.
Isithako esiyisisekelo kule khemistri evikelayo yi-chromium. Ukuze ichazwe njengensimbi yeqiniso engagqwali, ingxubevange kufanele iqukathe ubuncane obungamaphesenti angu-10.5 e-chromium ngesisindo. Lapho insimbi eluhlaza ichayeka emswakameni nasemoyeni, yenza i-iron oxide, ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi ukugqwala okubomvu. Ukugqwala okubomvu kunesakhiwo sekristalu esivulekile, esinezimbobo esikhula ngokuqhubekayo futhi siqhekeze kude nensimbi. Lokhu kuphephuka kuveza ungqimba olusha lwensimbi eluhlaza ngaphansi, okudala ukuzungeza, okulimazayo, okuya phansi ekugcineni kuhlakaze ingxenye ngokuphelele.
I-Chromium ibhala kabusha lesi sikripthi samakhemikhali ngokuphelele. Lapho ama-athomu e-chromium ashumekwe ngaphakathi komkhiqizo we-hydraulic yensimbi engagqwali ethinta umoya-mpilo osendaweni, asabela enze ifilimu elingaphezulu elincanyana ngendlela emangalisayo, elingabonakali elaziwa ngokuthi i-chromium oxide. Le filimu iwugqinsi nje lwama-athomu ambalwa{2}}kancane kangangokuthi ukukhanya kudlula kuyo ngokuqondile, okuvumela ukucwebezela kwensimbi ukuthi kuhlale kubonakala kahle.
Le filimu ye-chromium oxide yaziwa ngokuthi isendlalelo sokwenziwa. Ngokungafani nokugqwala okubomvu, ungqimba lwe-passive luminyene ngendlela emangalisayo, luzinzile futhi alunawo{1}}izimbobo. Isebenza njengensimbi engangeneki, eyi-microscopic yezikhali ezivimbela umoya-mpilo nama-molecule wamanzi ukuthi angafinyeleli kuma-athomu ensimbi angaphansi.
Okuhlaba umxhwele nakakhulu, lesi singqimba sokwenziwa sishintshashintsha ngokuphelele futhi{0}}siyaziphilisa. Ezindaweni ezisindayo-ezisebenza ngaphansi kwe-hydraulic, okokufakwa nama-valve kuklwejwa ngokujwayelekile yimfucumfucu ewayo, ukukwenwa ngama-wrenches ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwenkundla okumatasa, noma ukuguguleka okunamandla kwangaphakathi okuvela{3}}kugeleza kukawoyela wesivinini esikhulu. Engxenyeni enamapuleti ajwayelekile, ukuklwebheka okujulile kumelela ukwephulwa unomphela kwezikhali, okubonisa ukuqala ngokushesha kokugqwala. Ngensimbi engagqwali, uma ungqimba lwe-passive luklwejwa noma lususwa, ama-athomu e-chromium asanda kuvezwa asabela ngokushesha nomoya-mpilo ozungezile ukuze akhe kabusha umgoqo we-chromium oxide phakathi kwama-millisecond. Lokhu kuvuselelwa okuqhubekayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi indlela yoketshezi ihlala ivaliwe ngokumelene nokuhlaselwa kwemvelo kuyo yonke impilo yayo yokusebenza.
Ama-Alloying Agents kanye Nokuzivikela Kwabo Okuhlosiwe
Ngenkathi i-chromium ihlinzeka ngesakhiwo esiyisisekelo sesendlalelo se-passive, amasistimu we-hydraulic yezimboni avame ukubhekana nezimo zamakhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidinga ukuqiniswa okwengeziwe. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nalezi zinselele, ama-metallurgists ethula izakhi ze-alloying yesibili ku-crystalline matrix yensimbi, okwenza amamaki ahlukene athuthukiselwe izinhlobo ezithile zokumelana nokuzivikela.
Isengezo sokuqala esikhulu yi-nickel. Ochungechungeni lwezinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic ezidumile ezingu-300 ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla oketshezi, i-nickel yethulwa ngokugxila kusuka kumaphesenti angu-8 kuya kwangu-14. Ngokombono wemishini, i-nickel ishintsha isakhiwo se-crystalline esingaphansi sensimbi, siyiguqule kusuka esakhiweni se-ferritic kuya esakhiweni se-austenitic. Lokhu kushintsha kwe-metallurgical kukhulisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuqina komthelela wensimbi, i-ductility, nokunwebeka kwesakhiwo. Iphinde inikeze ukukhushulwa okuphawulekayo kokumelana okuvamile kwempahla ekugqwaleni okufanayo, ikakhulukazi lapho kuvezwe kuma-acid athambile nezisombululo zamakhemikhali ezimboni.
Kodwa-ke, umpetha weqiniso wezindawo ezinomfutho we-hydraulic ngokweqile yi-molybdenum. I-Stainless steel Stainless Grade 304 ihlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okuhle kakhulu emazingeni ayisisekelo asemoyeni, kodwa ingabanzima uma ifakwe ama-ion e-chloride agxile kakhulu, atholakala ngobuningi emanzini olwandle, emoyeni wasogwini, nakusawoti{2}}okuyiqhwa emgwaqeni. I-chloride ion inolaka oluhlukile; bangangena futhi bancibilikise isendlalelo esijwayelekile se-chromium oxide, okubangela ukwehlukana kwendawo.
Ukuze kuliwe nalokhu kuba sengcupheni, insimbi engagqwali yeBanga lama-316 ihlanganisa ukungezwa kwe-molybdenum ngamaphesenti angu-2 kuya kwangu-3. I-Molybdenum isebenza njengesizinzisi samakhemikhali esiqondisiwe, ekhuphula ngokuphawulekayo ukuzinza kwendawo kwefilimu ye- passive futhi iyenze imelane ngokuhlukile -nokwahlukaniswa kwe-chloride. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa okukodwa kuyisizathu esenza iBanga lama-316 libe yisidingo esijwayelekile sezindawo zokumba uwoyela ogwini, imikhumbi yasolwandle kanye nezitshalo zezimboni zasogwini.
Okokugcina, ukukhiqizwa kwesimanje kunaka kakhulu okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni. Uma insimbi engagqwali ishiselwa kumazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu-njengalapho kushiselwa-i-pressure hydraulic flange{3}}into eyaziwa ngokuthi i-carbide precipitation ingenzeka. I-Chromium nama-athomu ekhabhoni angabopha ndawonye eduze kwemingcele yensimbi, akhumule izindawo ezizungezile ze-chromium edingekayo ukuze kugcinwe isendlalelo sokwenziwa. Lokhu kushiya ilunga elishiselwe sengozini enkulu yokugqwala kwasendaweni kwe-intergranular. Ukuze kuqedwe lobu bungozi, abakhiqizi basebenzisa{7}ukwehluka kwekhabhoni ephansi, okubekwe njengeBanga 304L noma 316L. Ngokukhawulela okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kube ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-0.03, imvula ye-carbide iyavinjelwa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi indawo eshiselwe ihlala iqinile{12}}njengokugqwala njengengxenye yonke.
Ukunqoba Amafomu Aqondile Wokugqwala Kwe-Hydraulic
Ukugqwala kubonakala ngezindlela eziningana ezihlukene ngaphakathi kwesistimu yamandla oketshezi. Umkhiqizo{1}wezinga eliphezulu we-stainless steel hydraulic wakhiwe ukuze umelane nalezi zinsongo zesakhiwo.
Ukugqwala Okufanayo
Ukugqwala okufanayo kumelela ukusabalala, ngisho nokuhlasela kuyo yonke indawo eveziwe yengxenye yensimbi, okuholela ekuncipheni kancane kancane kodonga lwempahla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Elayini{1}nomfutho ophakeme we-hydraulic, ukuncishiswa kodonga kuyingozi ngendlela emangalisayo, njengoba kwehlisa kancane kancane ukucindezela kokusebenza okuphephile kwepayipi kuze kube yilapho kugqashuka inhlekelele. Ungqimba oluqhubekayo lwensimbi engagqwali luvimbela ukugqwala okufanayo ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokusebenza, kugcinwe ukujiya kodonga lwangempela namamajini esakhiwo kuwo wonke umjikelezo wokuphila wengxenye.
I-Pitting and Crevice Corrosion
Ukugqwala kwemigodi kanye nemifantu kuyizindlela zokucekelwa phansi kwendawo kakhulu, ezicashile. Ukubhoboza kwenzeka lapho ukwehluleka okuncane, okwenziwe kwasendaweni endaweni enamathelayo evikelayo kuvumela imbobo encane ukuthi ingene ijule odongeni lwensimbi, efihliwe ekuhlolweni okuvamile. Ukugqwala kweCrevice kwenzeka ezindaweni ezivalekile lapho uketshezi lungahlala lumile, njengezikhala ezincane-phakathi kwamaphrofayela entambo yokukhwelana noma ngaphansi kwe-flange seal.
Njengoba uketshezi olumile luya kuncipha umoya-mpilo-, amakhemikhali awo ashintshashintsha, ajike abe ne-asidi kakhulu futhi ahlafune ngokushesha izinsimbi ezivamile. Ukwengezwa kwe-molybdenum ku-Grade 316 insimbi engagqwali kuzinzisa isendlalelo se-passive ngaphakathi kwalezi zindawo{3}}ezinciphile, kuvimbele ukuqaliswa kwakho kokubili kwemigodi nokungaphumeleli kwemifantu.
I-Galvanic Corrosion
Ukugqwala kwe-galvanic kwenzeka lapho izinsimbi ezimbili ezingafani nge-electrochemically zithintana lapho kukhona i-electrolyte, njengomswakama noma umswakama ozungezile. Kulesi simo, ugesi omncane ugeleza phakathi kwezinsimbi, okwenza insimbi engabizi kakhulu (i-anode) igqwale ngesivinini esisheshayo, kuyilapho insimbi ehlonipheke kakhulu (i-cathode) ihlala ivikelekile.
Ngenxa yokuthi insimbi engagqwali ihlala phezulu esikalini se-galvanic, imelana kakhulu nokugqwala yizinsimbi ezingomakhelwane. Kodwa-ke, onjiniyela kufanele baqaphele: uma okokufaka kwensimbi engagqwali kugoqwe ngokuqondile kubhulokhi ethambile ye-aluminium eningi endaweni eswakeme, i-aluminium izosebenza njenge-anode yomhlatshelo futhi ihlakazeke ngokushesha. Ukuze ulawule lokhu, idizayini yesistimu efanele ihlanganisa izinsimbi ezifanayo kusistimu yonkana noma ukusebenzisa{2}}izithiyo zokuhlukanisa ezingahlangani ukuze kuphulwe umjikelezo kagesi.
Izinto Zemvelo: Lapho Ukuvikelwa Kwensimbi Engagqwali Kubaluleke Kakhulu
Ukuqina kwamakhemikhali okuphakeme kwensimbi engagqwali kuyenza ibe yinketho ebalulekile emikhakheni embalwa yokusebenza enolaka kakhulu.
Ebunjiniyela basolwandle nasogwini, amasistimu asebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi ashaywa amagagasi ngokuqhubekayo, isifutho sikasawoti, nenkungu eminyene, eswakeme. Ama-ion e-chloride akhona emanzini anosawoti azohlubula ngokushesha i-zinc plating ezingxenyeni ezijwayelekile ze-carbon steel, okuholela ekwakhekeni kokugqwala okulimazayo phakathi nendaba yamaviki. Izingxenye zensimbi engagqwali zibekezelela lezi zimo zasolwandle amashumi eminyaka ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ubuqotho bazo besakhiwo, zivikela amagiya abalulekile okuqondisa, ama-cranes edekhi, namavalvu angaphansi kolwandle ekuhlulekeni kwenkundla okungalindelekile.
Ngokufanayo, izikhungo zokucubungula amakhemikhali ne-petrochemical ziletha ingxube enobuthi kakhulu yezingozi zemvelo ezizungezile. Imigqa ye-hydraulic egijima eduze kwama-vats okucubungula ingase ibe sobala kumhwamuko one-asidi esemoyeni, izinhlanganisela zesulfure e-caustic, nezincibilikisi zemvelo eziguquguqukayo. Izinsimbi ezipuletiwe ezijwayelekile ziwohloka ngokushesha ngaphansi kwalokhu kuhlasela kwamakhemikhali. Insimbi engagqwali ifaka amakhemikhali kuhlu olukhulu lwenhlanganisela yezimboni, eyivumela ukuthi igcine indawo ehlanzekile, engenasici naphezu kokuchayeka njalo, okuqondile kwamakhemikhali.
Okokugcina, kufanele sibheke izimfuno eziqinile zokugeza okuhlanzekile embonini yokudla, yeziphuzo, neyemithi. Kule mikhakha, imishini kufanele ivame ukufuthwa-ngesimusi somfutho ophezulu kanye nezihlanzi ezinolaka zokuhlanza ezine-chlorine noma i-caustic soda ukuze kuqedwe ukukhula kwamagciwane. Izingxenye zensimbi yensimbi ecwecwe azikwazi ukuphila kulezi zinqubo zokukhucululwa kwendle njalo ngaphandle kokuqhwanda noma ukugqwala, okubeka engcupheni enkulu yokungcoliswa ngokomzimba namakhemikhali kulayini wokukhiqiza. Insimbi engagqwali inezici ezibushelelezi ngokuphelele, {4}ezingenabo izimbotshana ezimelana ngokuqinile nokunamathela kwebhayoloji futhi zimelana nokuwashwa kwenhlanzeko okuqinile ngaphandle kokwehlisa isithunzi noma ukukhulula imfucumfucu.
Ukulondoloza Okumelene-Nobuqotho Obulimazayo: Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokufaka Nokugcina
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo we-hydraulic wensimbi engagqwali uletha ukumelana nokugqwala kwawo okuphezulu okulinganiselwe, izindlela ezithile zokuwufaka kanye nokuwulungisa kufanele zilandelwe ngokucophelela ochwepheshe basensimini.
Inqubo yokuqala ebalulekile yaziwa ngokuthi i-passivation. Uma ukufakwa kwensimbi engagqwali kwenziwa ngomshini, kufakwe intambo, noma kugxivizwe phakathi nenqubo yokukhiqiza, izinhlayiya ezincane zensimbi yamahhala ezivela kumathuluzi okusika zingashutheka ebusweni bensimbi. Uma ziyekwa zingalashwa, lezi zinhlayiya zensimbi zangaphandle zizogqwala ensimini, zidale ukubukeka okukhohlisayo kokuhluleka kwengxenye futhi kungase kube sengozini ungqimba olungaphansi lwe-passive.
Ukuvimbela lokhu, izingxenye eziqediwe zithola ukwelashwa kwe-chemical passivation, ngokuvamile okubandakanya ukugeza kokucwiliswa ngesisombululo se-nitric noma i-citric acid. Lokhu kugeza okune-asidi kuncibilikisa ngokukhetha noma yiziphi izingcolisi zensimbi ngaphandle kokuhlasela insimbi engagqwali, kushiye indawo ehlanzekile, -ecebile i-chromium ethuthukisa ngokushesha ukwakheka kwefilimu yokwenziwa evikelayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ochwepheshe benkambu kufanele baqaphe kakhulu ukuze bagweme{0}}ukungcola phakathi nokuhlanganisa isistimu. Uma uchwepheshe esebenzisa ibhulashi lentambo yensimbi ye-carbon evamile ukuze ahlanze imicu yevalvu yensimbi engagqwali, noma ephatha izingxenye ngamathuluzi ensimbi agqwalile, izinhlayiya zensimbi ye-carbon zizodluliselwa endaweni engagqwali, kuqalise izindawo zokugqwala zasendaweni. Amathuluzi ensimbi engagqwali azinikele kanye nezindlela zokuphatha ezihlanzekile zibalulekile ekulondolozeni ubumsulwa bezinto ezibonakalayo.
Okokugcina, ochwepheshe kufanele balawule ubungozi bokugawula intambo ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Ngenxa yokuthi izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic zithambile futhi zidonsa kakhulu, ukungqubuzana okukhiqizwa lapho kuqiniswa imicu yesilisa neyesifazane ndawonye ngaphansi kwetorque ephezulu kungasusa ungqimba lwe-oxide ye-passive. Ngaphandle kwalesi sendlalelo, amakristalu ensimbi angaxubana ngokuqondile, akhiqize ukushisa okukhulu kwendawo futhi abangele ukuthi imicu ibanda{2}}ishisene ndawonye. Uma seligaywe ngenyongo, ilunga livaleka unomphela futhi lizokhumuka ngokuphelele uma liphoqelelwa. Ukuze kuqedwe lolu daba, ochwepheshe kufanele bahlale besebenzisa okokuthambisa okukhethekile okulwa-nokuthamba noma{6}}inhlanganisela yekhwalithi ephezulu{6}}eyakhelwe ngokukhethekile ama-assemblies ensimbi engagqwali, okuqinisekisa ukusebenzelana kwemishini okushelelayo kanye nokuvuza{7}}kwamahhala ngokuphelele.
Isiphetho
Ikhono lezingxenye ze-hydraulic zensimbi engagqwali ukumelana ngokuphelele namandla abhubhisayo okugqwala nokugqwala akuyona indaba yenhlanhla; kuwukunqoba okuqondile kwesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngokwakha ingxubevange ezungeze isisekelo esiqinile se-chromium, i-nickel, ne-molybdenum, i-metallurgists idale into ekwazi ukukhiqiza i-microscopic yayo,{1}}i-armor plating.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isakhiwo esiminyene, esingesona{0}}esinezimbobo se-chromium oxide passive layer, ukuvikela okuqondisiwe okunikezwa i-molybdenum ngokumelene ne-aggressive chloride pitting, noma ukwakheka okuphansi kwekhabhoni-okuvimba ukuwohloka kwe-weld, zonke izici zomkhiqizo we-stainless steel hydraulic yakhelwe ukuphila isikhathi eside{2}.
Nakuba ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo zingase zinikeze izindleko eziphansi zokuthenga ekuqaleni, ukuba sengozini kwazo okungenakugwemeka ekuwohlokeni kwemvelo kuhlale kubangela isikhathi sokungasebenzi esingalindelekile, ukuvuza koketshezi olubizayo, kanye nezingozi eziphakeme zokuphepha kubasebenzi bokunakekela. Ngokuqonda izimiso ezijulile zesayensi ngemuva kwesakhiwo esivikelayo sensimbi engagqwali nokuzibophezela ekuphatheni nasekufakeni izimiso ezifanele, izimboni zesimanje zingakwazi ukuvikela amasistimu wamandla oketshezi ahlala esebenza kahle kakhulu, ehlanzekile ngokuphelele, futhi esebenza ngokuphephile amashumi eminyaka ezayo.
