Isingeniso
Imishini yesimanje yezimboni ingaphansi kwe-trifecta enonya yengcindezi yokusebenza: ingcindezi enkulu, amazinga okushisa aphakeme, nezimo ezingaxoleleki. Ngaphakathi kwesistimu yamandla oketshezi, yonke iphampu, ivalvu, isilinda, nesixhumi kufanele zibekezelele lawa mandla izigidi zomjikelezo ngaphandle kokwehluleka. Emashumini eminyaka, i-carbon steel ejwayelekile ibithathwa njengeyanele iningi lale misebenzi. Kodwa-ke, njengoba izinqubo zezimboni ziye zacindezela imingcele yejubane, ingcindezi, nokuchayeka kwamakhemikhali, ukulinganiselwa kwezinsimbi zendabuko kuye kwaba sobala ngokusobala.
Lapho izingxenye ezijwayelekile zigqwala, ziwohloka, noma ziwohloka, zingenisa izinhlayiya ezincane zemfucumfucu kuwoyela osebenza ngamanzi, zicekele phansi izigxivizo zangaphakathi ezibizayo, futhi zibangele ukungasebenzi ngendlela engalindelekile. Ukuze kuqedwe lobu buthakathaka, onjiniyela baya ngokuya bephendukela kusayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo ukuze bathole ikhambi elihlala njalo. Phakathi kwezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ezitholakalayo, insimbi engagqwali igqama njengenketho yokugcina yeprimiyamu.
Ukukhetha umkhiqizo{0}wezinga eliphezulu we-stainless steel hydraulic-noma ngabe iwukucindezela okuphezulu{2}}, i-adaptha, i-valve block, noma i-cylinder rod{3}}akusabhekwa njengokunethezeka okungadingekile. Esikhundleni salokho, sekube yisidingo esibalulekile semisebenzi efuna ukwethembeka okuphelele, ukungcola okungako, kanye{5}}nokuphepha kwesakhiwo sesikhathi eside. Lesi sihloko sihlola izizathu zemishini, amakhemikhali, nezomnotho zokuthi kungani insimbi engagqwali isiphenduke izinga legolide lezinhlelo zokusebenza eziphakeme-ezisebenza ngama-hydraulic emhlabeni jikelele.
I-Metallurgy of Excellence: Yini Eyenza Insimbi Engagqwali Ihluke?
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani insimbi engagqwali idlula ezinye izinsimbi ezinhlelweni zamandla oketshezi, umuntu kufanele abhekisise ukwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali. Ngokungafani ne-carbon steel standard, okuyinsimbi ngokuyinhloko ehlanganiswe nenani elincane lekhabhoni, insimbi engagqwali iyingxubevange eyinkimbinkimbi equkethe inhlanganisela enembile yensimbi, ikhabhoni, i-chromium, i-nickel, nezinye izakhi zokulandelela.
Isici esichazayo sensimbi engagqwali i-chromium, okumele ibe khona ekugxilweni okuncane okungamaphesenti angu-10.5. Lapho i-iron eluhlaza ithola umoya-mpilo kanye nomswakama, ibhekana nokusabela kwamakhemikhali okulimazayo okwaziwa ngokuthi i-oxidation, idale i-iron oxide, noma ukugqwala okubomvu. Ukugqwala okubomvu kunezimbotshana futhi kuyahlakazeka, kuveza ngokuqhubekayo insimbi entsha ezintweni kuze kube yilapho isakhiwo sihluleka ngokuphelele.
I-Chromium ishintsha ngokuphelele lokhu kuguquguquka. Uma i-chromium iphendulana ne-oxygen ezungezile, yenza ungqimba oluncane lwe-chromium oxide oluncane ngokumangalisayo endaweni yonke yensimbi. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi isendlalelo sokwenziwa. Ngenxa yokuthi isendlalelo se-passive -asinawo amambobo futhi azinzile kakhulu, sivimba umoya-mpilo kanye nomswakama ukuthi ungangeni ujule ensimbi. Okuhlaba umxhwele nakakhulu, lesi singqimba siyazelapha{5}; uma ingaphezulu lesixhumi se-hydraulic yensimbi engagqwali iklwejwa noma iklwejwa ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwenkambu ematasa, i-chromium eveziwe iphendula ngokushesha nomoya ukuze yakhe kabusha umgoqo ovikelayo.
Emkhakheni we-hydraulics, izinhlobo ezimbili ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yizinsimbi ezingenasici ze-Austenitic, ikakhulukazi iBanga 304 kanye neBanga 316. IBanga lama-304 linikeza isisekelo esihle kakhulu samandla kanye nokuvimbela ukugqwala. IBanga lama-316, nokho, lifaka phakathi ukwengezwa kwe-molybdenum ngamaphesenti ama-2 kuya ku-3. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwe-metallurgical okucashile kukhulisa kakhulu ukumelana kwensimbi ekuhlaselweni kwamakhemikhali kwasendaweni, okuyenza ibe inketho ekhethwayo yezinhlelo zezimboni ezijezisa kakhulu.
Ngokombono wemishini nje, lawa ma-alloys aletha ukuqina okukhethekile futhi akhiqiza amandla. Angakwazi ukumunca-ama-frequency hydraulic shockwaves{2}}ama-high pressure spikes okwenzeka lapho i-valve ivaleka{3}ngaphandle kokunwebeka noma ukuqhekeka, okuqinisekisa ubuqotho besakhiwo sendlela yoketshezi ihlala ingenabungozi.
Ukumelana Nokugqwala Okungenakuqhathaniswa Ezimweni Ezinzima
Ukugqwala yisitha esiyinhloko sanoma yiluphi uhlelo lwamandla oketshezi. Idla amaphrofayili entambo, izindawo ezivalekayo zemigodi, futhi idale{1}}imifantu emincane ekhula ibe ukuvuza{2}}kwengcindezi ephezulu. Ukumelana nokugqwala okuphakeme kwensimbi engagqwali kuyenza ibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi zokusebenza ezinolaka.
Cabanga ngomkhakha kawoyela negesi wasolwandle noma imikhumbi yemikhumbi yasolwandle. Lezi zinhlelo zisebenza endaweni egcwele isifutho sikasawoti, umswakama, nemisebe ye-UV enamandla. Amanzi anosawoti asebenza njenge-electrolyte enolaka esheshisa ukugqwala kwe-galvanic kanye ne-atmospheric. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, i-zinc ejwayelekile{3}}izingxenye ze-carbon steel plated zingaqala ukubonisa izimpawu zokwehluleka phakathi nendaba yezinyanga. Umkhiqizo we-hydraulic wensimbi engagqwali owakhiwe kusukela kuBanga lama-316 ungamelana namashumi eminyaka ochayeka olwandle ngaphandle kokuhlangabezana nokuwohloka okukhulu kwesakhiwo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo eziningi zezimboni zidinga indawo engaphandle yemishini ukuthi ibekezelele ukugezwa kwamakhemikhali okunolaka. Ezimbonini zokucubungula ukudla, izindawo zokukhiqiza imithi, kanye nezindawo zokuhlanza amakhemikhali, okokusebenza kufanele kufafazwe njalo ngama-caustic acid kanye{1}}nezihlanzi ezisindayo zokuhlanza umsebenzi ukuze kugcinwe izindinganiso eziqinile zokuhlanzeka. Lawa ma-ejenti okuhlanza asheshe akhumule i-zinc noma i-nickel evikelayo etholakala ezingxenyeni zensimbi ezijwayelekile, okuholela ekugqwaleni ngokushesha. Insimbi engagqwali ayisebenzi ngamakhemikhali kuningi lalezi zinhlanganisela zokuhlanza izimboni, ezivumela ukuthi igcine indawo ehlanzekile, engenasici naphezu kokuchayeka njalo kwamakhemikhali.
Okokugcina, insimbi engagqwali ivikela kubabulali abafihlekile bezinhlelo eziwuketshezi: ukugqwala kwe-pitting kanye nemifantu. Ukubhoboza kwenzeka lapho izindawo ezincane, ezenzelwe indawo zomkhawulo wokuvikela wensimbi ziphuka, zidale izimbobo ezincane ezishona zijule ezindongeni zengxenye ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu. Ukugqwala kwe-Crevice kwenzeka ezindaweni eziqinile phakathi kwezintambo zokukhwelana noma amalunga e-flange lapho uketshezi olumile luvaleleka khona. Okuqukethwe kwe-molybdenum ku-Grade 316 insimbi engagqwali inikeza ukumelana okuhlosiwe ngokumelene nalezi zinhlobo ezithile zokuwohloka kwendawo, okuqinisekisa ukuthi i-geometry yangaphakathi ye-fitting ihlala ibushelelezi futhi ivuza{4}}mahhala.
Ukubekezelela Ukushisa Okuphakeme Kakhulu: Kusuka Ku-Sub-Zero Kuya Ekushiseni Okuphezulu-
Amasistimu we-hydraulic avame ukubizwa ukuthi asebenze ngokweqisa ngokuphelele kwe-spectrum yokushisa. Umshini ungase uchithe ukusa kwawo usebenza ngaphakathi kwefriji yokuqhuma kwezentengiso noma indawo yezimayini e-arctic, futhi intambama yakhona ibekwe eduze kwesithando somlilo sembonini noma{1}}indawo yokushisa ephezulu{1}eninginingi. Izinsimbi ezijwayelekile zinwebeka, zifinyezeke, futhi ziguqule ukuziphatha kwazo komshini kakhulu ngaphansi kwalezi zinguquko ze-thermal, kuyilapho insimbi engagqwali ihlala izinze ngokuphawulekayo.
Ezindaweni zokushisa-eziphezulu, izinsimbi eziningi ziqala ukuthamba, zilahlekelwe amaphesenti abalulekile wamandla azo aqinile wokushuga. Lokhu kuncipha kwamandla kunciphisa umfutho omkhulu wokusebenza wesistimu, okuphoqa onjiniyela ukuthi behlise-ukulinganisa imishini yabo ukuze bavimbele ukuqhunyiswa kwesakhiwo. Insimbi engagqwali igcina ukuqina kwayo kwesakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo zemishini emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-800 degrees Fahrenheit. Lokhu kubekezelela ukushisa okwedlulele kuqinisekisa ukuthi imigqa -enomfutho ophezulu we-hydraulic oseduze nezinjini ezivuthayo ezisindayo, izinjini zomoya, noma okokusebenza kwensimbi encibilikisiwe kungasebenza ngokuqhubekayo ngaphandle kwengozi yokwehluleka{7}}okubangelwa ukushisa.
Ngokuphambene, amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu-aletha ingozi yobunjiniyela ehluke ngokuphelele eyaziwa ngokuthi i-ductile{1}}to{2}}brittle transition. Uma i-carbon steel standard yehla ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elithile-elingaphansi kukaziro, ukwakheka kwayo kwekristalu kuyashintsha, okuyenza ilahlekelwe ukunwebeka kwayo. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo zokuqhwa, umthelela womshini ongazelelwe noma i-spike ye-pressure spike ingabangela insimbi ephukayo ukuthi iphihlike njengengilazi.
Izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-Austenitic azinayo i-ductile-kuya{1}}iphuzu loguquko elibrittle. Zigcina ukuqina komthelela okuhle kakhulu kanye nokunwebeka kwesakhiwo ngisho nakumazinga okushisa e-cryogenic, okuzenza zibe ukukhetha okuyisibopho{3}kuzinhlelo zokucindezela okuphezulu{4}ezisebenza ngaphansi{4}}ezimweni zezulu ezingaphansi kwezingu-zero noma ezibamba amagesi ezimboni anoketshezi.
Ukwengeza, ngenxa yokuthi insimbi engagqwali ine-coefficient ephansi yokunwetshwa kwe-thermal uma iqhathaniswa nezinsimbi ezifana ne-aluminium noma ithusi, iba nokuhlanekezeka okuncane ngokomzimba ngesikhathi sokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa ngokushesha. Lokhu kuzinza kwe-dimensional kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukucaciswa okunembile phakathi kwentambo yokukhwelana kanye ne-elastomeric seal kuhlala kungashintshi, kususa amagebe amancane{1}}avamise ukubangela ukuvuza okukhalayo phakathi nemijikelezo esheshayo yokufudumala{2}}yophezulu noma epholile{3}ephansi{3}.
Inhlanzeko, Ukuphepha, Nokusimama Kwemvelo
Ngalé kwezinzuzo zayo zemishini kanye namakhemikhali, insimbi engagqwali inikeza izinzuzo zokusebenza ezijulile ezihlobene nokukhucululwa kwendle, ukuphepha kwabantu, kanye nokusimama kwemvelo kwesimanje.
Ezimbonini zokudla, iziphuzo, nezokwelapha, ukukhucululwa kwendle okuyingxenye-akuxoxiswana. Ukufakwa kwensimbi okujwayelekile ye-carbon steel, ngisho noma kucwebeziwe, kungafaka izimbotshana ezingaphezulu ezincane lapho amagciwane, isikhunta, namafutha amadala we-hydraulic angacasha futhi aphindaphindeke. Uma i-washdown yangaphandle isusa ucezwana lwezinc yensimbi ye-carbon steel fitting, lolo lucezu lwensimbi lungawela ngqo emugqeni wokukhiqiza ukudla, kuqalise ukukhunjulwa komkhiqizo oyinhlekelele. Insimbi engagqwali inezici ezibushelelezi,{4}ezingenazo izimbobo, nezifanayo ngokuphelele ezimelana ngokuqinile nokunamathela kwebhayoloji. Ingenziwa inzalo kalula kusetshenziswa-isitimu sokucindezela okuphezulu noma amakhemikhali anokhahlo ngaphandle kwengozi yokuphehla, ukuxebuka, noma ukungcolisa umkhiqizo wokugcina.
Ngokombono wokuphepha, ubuqotho obuphelele besakhiwo bomkhiqizo we-hydraulic wensimbi engagqwali buvikela impilo yomuntu ngokuqondile. Uma ingxenye ye-hydraulic ihluleka ngaphansi kwezinkulungwane ezimbalwa ze-psi, ayigcini nje ngokudonsa uketshezi; ingakhulula-ukusakaza kwejubane okuphezulu okukwazi ukungena kumagilavu esikhumba esindayo kanye nesikhumba somuntu. Lokhu kwaziwa njengokulimala komjovo owuketshezi, futhi kumele enye yezingozi ezimbi kakhulu ekulungisweni kwezimboni. Ngenxa yokuthi insimbi engagqwali imelana nokugqwala, ukukhathala, kanye nokonakala kwendawo ezungezile ngendlela ephumelela kangaka, amathuba ezibalo okuqhuma okungazelelwe, okungalindelekile ancipha kakhulu, okudala indawo yokusebenza ephephe kakhulu kubaqhubi bemishini eseduze.
Okokugcina, kufanele sicabangele ukubaluleka kwesimanje kokusimama kwemvelo kanye nenani lomjikelezo wempilo. Insimbi engagqwali ayiyona neze-ubuthi futhi ayingenisi izinsimbi ezisindayo noma amakhemikhali ayingozi enhlabathini ezungezile noma etafuleni lamanzi uma ukuvuza okuncane kwenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingaphinda igaywe kabusha ngamaphesenti ayi-100. Uma ucezu lomshini osindayo lugcina lufika esiphethweni sesikhathi sokusebenza kwawo, izingxenye zalo zensimbi engagqwali zingancibilika futhi ziphinde zisetshenziswe zibe imikhiqizo yezimboni{5}ezisezingeni eliphezulu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yikhwalithi yezinto ezibonakalayo.
Ubunjiniyela Nokufaka Izindlela Ezinhle Kakhulu Zensimbi Engagqwali
Ukuze kukhishwe ukusebenza okuphezulu nokuphila isikhathi eside ezingxenyeni ze-hydraulic zensimbi engagqwali, onjiniyela nochwepheshe kufanele balandele izimiso ezimbalwa eziyisipesheli zokufaka nokunakekela.
Inselele ebaluleke kakhulu eyingqayizivele yokuhlanganisa izingxenye zensimbi engagqwali into eyaziwa ngokuthi i-thread galling, noma ukushisela okubandayo. Uma izingxenye ezimbili zensimbi engagqwali-ezifana nembobo yowesilisa kanye nembobo yesifazane{2}}zilulwe ndawonye ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, ukukhuhlana kungasusa isendlalelo se-microscopic passive oxide. Ngaphandle kwalesi sendlalelo, amakristalu ensimbi eluhlaza emicu yokukhwelana angakhuhlana ngokuqondile, akhiqize ukushisa okukhulu futhi abangele ukuthi imicu ihlangane ndawonye. Uma uchwepheshe eqhubeka nokuphoqa ukuxhuma nge-wrench, izintambo zizokhipha ngokuphelele, zichithe zombili izingxenye.
Ukuze uvimbele ukugaqa kwentambo, ochwepheshe kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi basebenzise-inhlanganisela yekhwalithi ephezulu ye-anti{1}}anti seise noma okokuthambisa okukhethekile okuklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukuhlanganisa insimbi engagqwali. Le nhlanganisela isebenza njengesithiyo esingokomzimba esimunca ukungqubuzana ngesikhathi sokuqinisa, iqinisekisa ukubandakanyeka kwentambo ebushelelezi futhi ivumela ilunga ukuba lihlakazwe kalula phakathi nezinqubo zokulungisa ezizayo.
Ukwengeza, onjiniyela kufanele bahlale beqaphele ukugqwala kwe-galvanic lapho beklama-isistimu yensimbi exubile. Ukugqwala kwe-galvanic kwenzeka lapho izinsimbi ezimbili ezingafani zithintana ngokuqondile phambi kwe-electrolyte efana nomswakama. Ngenxa yokuthi insimbi engagqwali ihlala phezulu kakhulu esikalini se-galvanic, ukuyimatanisa ngokuqondile nensimbi ethambile njenge-aluminium kungabangela ingxenye ye-aluminium ukuthi igle ngokushesha futhi ihlakazeke. Ukuze ulondoloze ukwethembeka kwesistimu, hlala uzama ukufanisa izinto zakho kuwo wonke umzila we-fluid, noma sebenzisa{4}}izithiyo zokuhlukanisa ezingahlangani ukuze uvimbele ukuthintana kukagesi okuqondile phakathi kwezinsimbi ezingafani.
Isiphetho
Lapho uklama noma ugcina{0}isistimu yamandla oketshezi olucindezelayo ephezulu, kungase silingeke ukugxila kuphela ezindlekweni zokuthenga ezisheshayo zezingxenye. Nokho, ukusebenza kahle kweqiniso kukalwa kuwo wonke umjikelezo wokuphila womshini. Nakuba izinto ezijwayelekile zingase zinikeze inani eliphansi lokuthenga ekuqaleni, ukuthomba kwazo ekugqwaleni, ubuthakathaka obushisayo, kanye nokonakaliswa kwemvelo ekugcineni kuholela ezindlekweni zokushintsha ezibizayo, uwoyela ongcolile, kanye nokulahleka kwesikhathi sokukhiqiza.
Ukuhlanganisa-umugqa womkhiqizo wensimbi engagqwali we-hydraulic ephezulu osebenza emshinini wakho kunikeza ukuzivikela kwe-ironclad ngokumelene nalobu bungozi besistimu. Ngesendlalelo saso- esiziphilisayo, ukumelana okukhethekile namakhemikhali anolaka namanzi anosawoti, ukuzinza okungenakuqhathaniswa kuwo wonke amazinga okushisa okwedlulele, kanye nephrofayili yokuphepha ehlanzekile, insimbi engagqwali izimele yodwa njengento ekhethwayo eyinhloko yezimboni zesimanje. Ngokuzibophezela ku-metallurgy yekhwalithi nokulandela izinqubo zokufaka ezinembayo, izinkampani zingaqinisekisa ukuthi amasistimu azo asebenza ngaphansi komhlaba ahlala evuza{4}}ekhululekile, enamandla, futhi esebenza ngokuphephile amashumi eminyaka ezayo.
